Which of the following best describes the approach of neo-Freudian theorists like Horney?

• A. Emphasis on social and cultural factors
• B. Focus on childhood trauma
• C. Strict adherence to Freudian theory
• D. Primarily cognitive processes

Answer: (A)

Neo-Freudian theorists, such as Karen Horney, expanded upon and deviated from traditional Freudian psychoanalysis by placing a greater emphasis on the social and cultural factors that shape human personality and behavior. They believed that interpersonal relationships and societal influences play a significant role in psychological development. For instance, Horney challenged Freudian views on gender, proposing that cultural and social conditions contribute to the development of personality and mental health issues, rather than being solely rooted in biological factors or childhood trauma.

While childhood experiences are still recognized as influential, neo-Freudians prioritized understanding the broader social context in which individuals develop. This reflects a shift from the more deterministic views of earlier psychoanalysis toward a perspective that incorporates the complexities of human relationships and social interactions. Therefore, the focus on social and cultural factors accurately aligns with the essence of neo-Freudian theory.