Who introduced the concept of collective unconscious?

• A. Adler
• B. Jung
• C. Bandura
• D. Beck

Answer: (B)

The concept of the collective unconscious was introduced by Carl Jung, an influential psychologist and psychoanalyst. Jung proposed that, in addition to the personal unconscious, which is unique to each individual and formed through personal experiences, there exists a layer of the unconscious shared among all humans. This collective unconscious contains universal archetypes, symbols, and memories shared across cultures and throughout history. Jung believed that these shared elements shape human experiences, behaviors, and myths, leading to a deeper understanding of the psyche.

Jung's idea contrasts with those of Adler, who focused more on individual psychology and social interest, Bandura, who emphasized social learning and cognitive processes, and Beck, who is known for developing cognitive therapy. Each of these theorists contributed significantly to the field of psychology, but it is Jung's work that specifically addressed the idea of a shared unconscious layer influencing human behavior and thought across cultures.